Water heater

oilfuel oilconvection

Electrical process heaters are designed for efficiently heating liquid or gaseous flowing fluids. The design is based on the general conditions such as the type and properties of the respective fluid, pressure and temperature as well as the desired operating points in the process. Electrical process heaters directly heat fluids, converting electrical energy in the heating rods to thermal energy. The thermal energy is then transferred from the heating rods to the fluid. Here, it is important that the design be matched to the general conditions, for each fluid has its specific properties. I. Water Drinking water, max. surface load 4 – 6 W/cm² pending on the water Circulating and/or heating water, max. surface load approx. 10 W/cm² Softened water; observe the maximally admissible chloride content, max. surface load approx. 10 W/cm² Ultra-pure water; here, a virtually low-pocket or pocket-free design with defined surface quality is useful. Fully desalted water; here, non-ferrous heavy metals should not be used, maximum surface load approx. 10 W/cm² II. Oil Heavy oil, not pumpable in a cold condition, maximum surface load between 1 and 2 W/cm² depending on the quality Hydraulics oil, maximum surface load approx. 0.6 – 1.2 W/cm² Lubricating oil, steam turbine oil, max. surface load approx. 1 W/cm² Insulating oil, maximum surface load approx. 0.3 – 0.6 W/cm² Heat transfer oil, film temperature calculation acc. to DIN 4754 required, maximum surface load approx. 10 W/cm² depending on the flow velocity and oil Fuel oil, diesel, heating to max. 40 °C, max. surface load approx. 4 W/cm² III. Gases Air Natural gas Flue gas Nitrogen Steam for overheating