BMS supports two architectures: three-level architecture BMU+BCU+BAU and two-level architecture BMU+BCU. BMU, BCU and BAU respectively o er PACK-level, cluster-level and array-level protection against overcharging, over-discharging, overcurrent, overheat and short circuit for ba ery clusters. Real-time monitoring of ba ery safety status, fault diagnosis, and warnings are provided. The main control unit within the cluster can accurately estimate SOC/SOH (State of Charge/State of Health) and o ers insulation detection function with precision requirements exceeding national standards, ensuring e icient, reliable, and safe operation of the energy storage system